在自动化测试的过程中，使用命令行操作虚拟机是司空见惯的事情，这里要说的就是使用Python语言来操作虚拟机，以达到自动化的目的。
我们都知道，vmware官方对命令行提供了vmrun.exe工具，我们可以在vmrun中运行诸如clone之类的命令，这就提醒我们可以在python中运行cmd指令，调用vmrun来完成相关的虚拟机操作。关于vmrun运行指令可以参考vmware官方关于vix的api的文档。
实例如下：
vmrun.exe clone PathToVmxFile PathToDestinationVmxFile Full|Link [Snapshot Name]
言归正传,在Python中如何操作虚拟机呢?PyVIx和PySphere粉墨登场!他们的介绍如下:
PyVIx: PyVIx is a Python wrapper for the VMWare(R) VIX C API that allows Python to programmatically control VMWare(R) virtual machines. Example operations include: powering on; suspending; creating, reverting to, and removing snapshots; and running programs.()
PySphere: PySphere is platform independent and works with python, PySphere can interact with ESX, ESXi, Virtual Center, Virtual Server, and it should work with any other VMWare product exposing the vSphere Web Services SDK.()
安装的过程和其他三方Python的方式都是保持一致的，不懂得可以。因工作中主要实用Esxi，所以这里重点讲述下PySphere的使用，我们自定义了一个实用的class，在这里和大家共享，先贴代码：
'''Created on May 5, 2013@author: Berlin'''import osimport os.pathimport timeimport socketimport sysimport stringimport sslimport base64from pysphere import VIServerfrom pysphere import VIException, VIApiException, FaultTypesimport esxi_exception#Server Controlclass ESXi_Server: server_ip = '' user_name = '' password = '' connect_flag = False server = None #vm_list = [] #def __init__(self): #Use the given args to connect the esxi server you want #@ip[string]: ESXi server's IP address #@name[string]: the username used to login the ESXi server #@pwd[string]: the password used to login the ESXi server def connect_server(self, ip, name, pwd): self.server_ip = ip self.user_name = name self.password = pwd self.server = VIServer() self.server.connect(self.server_ip, self.user_name, self.password) self.connect_flag = self.server.is_connected() if self.connect_flag: return True return False #To get all the definition registered vms from the connected server #@param[string]: can be set as ALL, POWER_ON, POWER_OFF, SUSPENDED #According to the param, returns a list of VM Paths. You might also filter by datacenter, #cluster, or resource pool by providing their name or MORs. #if cluster is set, datacenter is ignored, and if resource pool is set #both, datacenter and cluster are ignored. def get_registered_vms(self, param, status=None, datacenter=None, cluster=None, resource_pool=None): if param not in ['ALL', 'POWER_ON', 'POWER_OFF', 'SUSPENDED']: print "Get VMs error: param can only be set as ALL, POWER_ON, POWER_OFF, or SUSPENDED." return None if self.connect_flag == False: print "Get VMs error: Server not connected." return None if param == 'ALL': return self.server.get_registered_vms(datacenter, cluster, resource_pool) elif param == 'POWER_ON': return self.server.get_registered_vms(datacenter, cluster, resource_pool, status='poweredOn') elif param == 'POWER_OFF': return self.server.get_registered_vms(datacenter, cluster, resource_pool, status='poweredOff') elif param == 'SUSPENDED': return self.server.get_registered_vms(datacenter, cluster, resource_pool, status='suspended') else: return None #Disconnect to the Server def disconnect(self): if self.connect_flag == True: self.server = self.server.disconnect() self.connect_flag == False #To keep session alive def keep_session_alive(self): assert self.server.keep_session_alive() #To get the server type def get_server_type(self): return self.server.get_server_type() #To get performance manager def get_performance_manager(self): return self.server.get_performance_manager() #To get the all the server's hosts def get_all_hosts(self): """ Returns a dictionary of the existing hosts keys are their names and values their ManagedObjectReference object. """ return self.server.get_hosts() #To get all datastores def get_all_datastores(self): """ Returns a dictionary of the existing datastores. Keys are ManagedObjectReference and values datastore names. """ return self.server.get_datastores() #To get all clusters def get_all_clusters(self): """ Returns a dictionary of the existing clusters. Keys are their ManagedObjectReference objects and values their names. """ return self.server.get_clusters() #To get all datacenters def get_all_datacenters(self): """ Returns a dictionary of the existing datacenters. keys are their ManagedObjectReference objects and values their names. """ return self.server.get_datacenters() #To get all resource pools def get_all_resource_pools(self): """ Returns a dictionary of the existing ResourcePools. keys are their ManagedObjectReference objects and values their full path names. """ return self.server.get_resource_pools() #To get hosts by name def get_hosts_by_name(self, from_mor): """ Returns a dictionary of the existing ResourcePools. keys are their ManagedObjectReference objects and values their full path names. @from_mor: if given, retrieves the hosts contained within the specified managed entity. """ try: hosts_dic = self.server.get_hosts(from_mor) except: print "Get hosts error!" return None return hosts_dic#VMWare Controlclass ESXi_VMWare: server_obj = None mac_address = '' path = '' guest_full_name = '' name = '' guest_id = '' vm = None guest_username = '' guest_password = '' status = '' snapshot_list = [] __login_flag = False #Initialize vms, you can set the @parm[string] as VM path or VM name. #If you use VM path, set the @parm_type[string] as Path(Default), #If you use VM name, set the @parm_type[string] as Name #@esxi_server[ESXi_Server]: the server where the vm in #@username[string]: the user name used to login vm system #@password[string]: the password used to login vm system def __init__(self, esxi_server, parm, username = '', password = '', parm_type = 'Path'): if parm_type in ['Path', 'Name']: self.server_obj = esxi_server self.__get_vmware(esxi_server, parm, parm_type) self.guest_username = username self.guest_password = password else: print "Get VMWare error: parm_type only can be set as 'Path' or 'Name'" #Private function #To get the vm you want def __get_vmware(self, esxi_server, parm, parm_type): if parm_type == 'Path': try: #self.vm = self.esxi_server.server.get_vm_by_path(parm) self.vm = esxi_server.server.get_vm_by_path(parm) except: print "Get VMWare error: Can not access the VM '" \ + parm + "'. Please check!" return elif parm_type == "Name": try: #self.vm = self.esxi_server.server.get_vm_by_name(parm) self.vm = esxi_server.server.get_vm_by_name(parm) except: print "Get VMWare error: Can not access the VM '" \ + parm + "'. Please check!" return self.mac_address = self.vm.get_property('mac_address') self.path = self.vm.get_property('path') self.guest_full_name = self.vm.get_property('guest_full_name') self.name = self.vm.get_property('name') self.guest_id = self.vm.get_property('guest_id') #To get the vm's status def get_status(self): self.status = self.vm.get_status() if self.status != 'POWERED ON': self.__login_flag = False #To get the vm's basic status: 'POWERED ON','POWERED OFF','SUSPENDED' def get_basic_status(self): self.status = self.vm.get_status(basic_status=True) if self.status != 'POWERED ON': self.__login_flag = False #To operate the VM """ @operate[string]: can be set as POWER_ON, POWER_OFF, SUSPEND, RESET Return operate success or not @sync_run[bool]: means you operate the VM synchronously or not. True is synchronously False is asynchronously If sync_run set as False, status can not be None. status can be set as: queued, error, running, success return the task's status If @time_out[int] is 0 or negative, waits indefinitely""" def operate_vm(self, operate, sync_run = True, status = None, time_out = -1): if operate not in ['POWER_ON', 'POWER_OFF', 'SUSPEND', 'RESET']: print "Operate VM error: operate can only be set as POWER_ON, POWER_OFF, SUSPEND or RESET." return False if sync_run == True: return self.__operate_vm_syn(operate) elif sync_run == False: if status == None: print "Operate VM error: status can not be None while sync_run is True." return False if status not in ['queued', 'error', 'running', 'success']: print "Operate VM error: status can only be set as queued, error, running or success." return False if (time_out == -1) or (time_out == 0): print "Operate VM warning: time_out is 0 or negative, will waits indefinitely." return self.__operate_vm_asyn(operate, status, time_out) #Private function #To operate the VM synchronously def __operate_vm_syn(self, operate): if operate == "POWER_ON": self.get_status() if self.status in ['POWERED ON', 'POWERING ON']: print "Operate VM warning: VM named " + self.name + " is powered or powering on." return False self.vm.power_on() self.get_status() if self.vm.is_powering_on() or self.vm.is_powered_on(): return True return False elif operate == "POWER_OFF": self.get_status() if self.status in ['POWERED OFF' , 'POWERING OFF']: print "Operate VM warning: VM named " + self.name + " is powered or powering off." return False self.vm.power_off() self.get_status() if self.vm.is_powering_off() or self.vm.is_powered_off(): return True return False elif operate == "SUSPEND": self.get_status() if self.status in ['SUSPENDED', 'SUSPENDING']: print "Operate VM warning: VM named " + self.name + " is suspended or suspending." return False self.vm.suspend() self.get_status() if self.vm.is_suspending() or self.vm.is_suspended(): return True return False elif operate == "RESET": self.get_status() if self.status == 'RESETTING': print "Operate VM warning: VM named " + self.name + " is resetting." return False self.vm.reset() self.get_status() if self.vm.is_resetting(): return True return False #Private function #To operate the VM asynchronously def __operate_vm_asyn(self, operate, status, time_out): if operate == "POWER_ON": self.get_status() if self.status in ['POWERED ON', 'POWERING ON']: print "Operate VM warning: VM named " + self.name + " is powered or powering on." return False task = self.vm.power_on(sync_run=False) try: status = task.wait_for_state([status, 'error'], timeout=time_out) if status == 'error': print 'Failed to power on the VM: ' + self.path \ + '. Error Message:', task.get_error_message() except: print str(time_out) + " seconds time out reached waiting for power on to finish" return task.get_state() self.get_status() return task.get_state() elif operate == "POWER_OFF": self.get_status() if self.status in ['POWERED OFF' , 'POWERING OFF']: print "Operate VM warning: VM named " + self.name + " is powered or powering off." return False task = self.vm.power_off(sync_run=False) try: status = task.wait_for_state([status, 'error'], timeout=time_out) if status == 'error': print 'Failed to power off the VM: ' + self.path \ + '. Error Message:', task.get_error_message() except: print str(time_out) + " seconds time out reached waiting for power off to finish" return task.get_state() self.get_status() return task.get_state() elif operate == "SUSPEND": self.get_status() if self.status in ['SUSPENDED', 'SUSPENDING']: print "Operate VM warning: VM named " + self.name + " is suspended or suspending." return False task = self.vm.suspend(sync_run=False) try: status = task.wait_for_state([status, 'error'], timeout=time_out) if status == 'error': print 'Failed to suspend the VM: ' + self.path \ + '. Error Message:', task.get_error_message() except: print str(time_out) + " seconds time out reached waiting for suspend to finish" return task.get_state() self.get_status() return task.get_state() elif operate == "RESET": self.get_status() if self.status == 'RESETTING': print "Operate VM warning: VM named " + self.name + " is resetting." return False task = self.vm.reset(sync_run=False) try: status = task.wait_for_state([status, 'error'], timeout=time_out) if status == 'error': print 'Failed to reset the VM: ' + self.path \ + '. Error Message:', task.get_error_message() except: print str(time_out) + " seconds time out reached waiting for reset to finish" return task.get_state() self.get_status() return task.get_state() #To get all the snapshots in the VM def get_all_snapshots(self): self.snapshot_list = self.vm.get_snapshots() #return all the snapshots' name in the VM def get_all_snapshots_name(self): names = [] for snapshot in self.snapshot_list: names.append(snapshot.get_name()) return names #To operate the snapshot """ @operate[string]: can be set as REVERT_CURRENT, REVERT_NAMED, DELETE_CURRENT, DELETE_NAMED, CREATE If operate contains 'NAMED' or 'CREATE', @name[string] can not be None @sync_run[bool]: means you operate the VM synchronously or not. True is synchronously False is asynchronously If sync_run set as False, @status[string] can not be None. status can be set as: queued, error, running, success If @time_out[int] is 0 or negative, waits indefinitely @description[string] used when you create a snapshot""" def operate_snapshot(self, operate, name = None, description = None, sync_run = True, status = None, time_out = -1): if operate not in ['REVERT_CURRENT', 'REVERT_NAMED', 'DELETE_CURRENT', \ 'DELETE_NAMED', 'CREATE']: print "Operate Snapshot error: operate can only be set as PREVERT_CURRENT, REVERT_NAMED, DELETE_CURRENT, DELETE_NAMED or CREATE." return False self.get_all_snapshots() if sync_run == True: return self.__operate_snapshot_syn(operate, name, description) elif sync_run == False: if status == None: print "Operate Snapshot error: status can not be None while sync_run is True." return False if status not in ['queued', 'error', 'running', 'success']: print "Operate Snapshot error: status can only be set as queued, error, running or success." return False if (time_out == -1) or (time_out == 0): print "Operate Snapshot warning: time_out is 0 or negative, will waits indefinitely." return self.__operate_snapshot_asyn(operate, name, status, time_out) #Private function #To operate the snapshot synchronously def __operate_snapshot_syn(self, operate, name, description): if operate == "REVERT_CURRENT": self.vm.revert_to_snapshot() self.get_status() return True elif operate == "REVERT_NAMED": if name is None: print "Operate Snapshot error: Please set snapshot name." return False names = self.get_all_snapshots_name() if name not in names: print "Operate Snapshot error: No snapshot named " \ + name + " in the VM named " + self.name + "." return False self.vm.revert_to_named_snapshot(name) self.get_status() return True elif operate == "DELETE_CURRENT": self.vm.delete_current_snapshot() self.get_status() return True elif operate == "DELETE_NAMED": if name is None: print "Operate Snapshot error: Please set snapshot name." return False names = self.get_all_snapshots_name() if name not in names: print "Operate Snapshot error: No snapshot named " \ + name + " in the VM named " + self.name + "." return False self.vm.delete_named_snapshot(name) self.get_status() return True elif operate == "CREATE": if name is None: print "Operate Snapshot error: Please set snapshot name." return False names = self.get_all_snapshots_name() if name in names: print "Operate Snapshot warning: Snapshot named " \ + name + " already in the VM named " + self.name + "." if (description is not None) and (description != ''): self.vm.create_snapshot(name, description) else: self.vm.create_snapshot(name) self.get_status() return True #Private function #To operate the snapshot asynchronously def __operate_snapshot_asyn(self, operate, name, status, time_out): if operate == "REVERT_CURRENT": task = self.vm.revert_to_snapshot(sync_run=False) try: status = task.wait_for_state([status, 'error'], timeout=time_out) if status == 'error': print 'Failed to revert to the current snapshot. Error Message:', task.get_error_message() except: print str(time_out) + " seconds time out reached waiting for revert to finish." return task.get_state() self.get_status() return task.get_state() elif operate == "REVERT_NAMED": if name is None: print "Operate Snapshot error: Please set snapshot name." return False names = self.get_all_snapshots_name() if name not in names: print "Operate Snapshot error: No snapshot named " \ + name + " in the VM named " + self.name + "." return False task = self.vm.revert_to_named_snapshot(name, sync_run=False) try: status = task.wait_for_state([status, 'error'], timeout=time_out) if status == 'error': print 'Failed to revert to the current snapshot. Error Message:', task.get_error_message() except: print str(time_out) + " seconds time out reached waiting for revert to finish." return task.get_state() self.get_status() return task.get_state() elif operate == "DELETE_CURRENT": task = self.vm.delete_current_snapshot(sync_run=False) try: status = task.wait_for_state([status, 'error'], timeout=time_out) if status == 'error': print 'Failed to revert to the current snapshot. Error Message:', task.get_error_message() except: print str(time_out) + " seconds time out reached waiting for revert to finish." return task.get_state() self.get_status() return task.get_state() elif operate == "DELETE_NAMED": if name is None: print "Operate Snapshot error: Please set snapshot name." return False names = self.get_all_snapshots_name() if name not in names: print "Operate Snapshot error: No snapshot named " \ + name + " in the VM named " + self.name + "." return False task = self.vm.delete_named_snapshot(name, sync_run=False) try: status = task.wait_for_state([status, 'error'], timeout=time_out) if status == 'error': print 'Failed to revert to the current snapshot. Error Message:', task.get_error_message() except: print str(time_out) + " seconds time out reached waiting for revert to finish." return task.get_state() self.get_status() return task.get_state() elif operate == "CREATE": if name is None: print "Operate Snapshot error: Please set snapshot name." return False names = self.get_all_snapshots_name() if name in names: print "Operate Snapshot warning: Snapshot named " \ + name + " already in the VM named " + self.name + "." task = self.vm.create_snapshot(name, sync_run=False) try: status = task.wait_for_state([status, 'error'], timeout=time_out) if status == 'error': print 'Failed to revert to the current snapshot. Error Message:', task.get_error_message() except: print str(time_out) + " seconds time out reached waiting for revert to finish." return task.get_state() self.get_status() return task.get_state() #To get VM's properties #@from_cache[bool]: True defualt will refresh the cache of all the properties, not only the requested. #return a list of the VM's properties def get_vm_properties(self, from_cache = True): if from_cache: return self.vm.get_properties() return self.vm.get_properties(from_cache=False) #To retrieve the value of the requested property, or None if that property does not exist. ''' @properti_name[string]: the property name you request This is the list of all the properties you can request: name, path, guest_id, guest_full_name, hostname, ip_address, mac_address, net @from_cache[bool]: True defualt will refresh the cache of all the properties, not only the requested. return the name''' def get_vm_property(self, property_name, from_cache = True): if property_name not in ['name', 'path', 'guest_id', 'guest_full_name', 'hostname', 'ip_address', 'mac_address', 'net']: print "Get VM property error: property_name must in one of 'name', 'path', 'guest_id', 'guest_full_name', 'hostname', 'ip_address', 'mac_address', 'net'" return None if from_cache: return self.vm.get_property(property_name) return self.vm.get_property(property_name, from_cache=False) #To get the name of the immediate resource pool the VM belongs to def get_resource_pool_name(self): return self.vm.get_resource_pool_name() #To login the VM #@operate[string]: can be set as LOGIN, SHUTDOWN, REBOOT, STANDBY #return operate success or not def operate_guest(self, operate): self.get_status() if self.status != 'POWERED ON': self.__login_flag = False print "Operate guest error: The VM " + self.name + " is not powered on." return False if operate not in ['LOGIN', 'SHUTDOWN', 'REBOOT', 'STANDBY']: print "Operate guest error: operate can noly be set as LOGIN, SHUTDOWN, REBOOT or STANDBY" return False if operate == 'LOGIN': #try: self.vm.login_in_guest(self.guest_username, self.guest_password) #except: # print 'Operate guest error: Login the VM named ' + self.name + ' failed. Please check the username and password.' # return False self.__login_flag = True return True elif operate == 'SHUTDOWN': #try: self.vm.shutdown_guest() #except: # print 'Operate guest error: Shut down the VM named ' + self.name + ' failed.' # return False self.__login_flag = False return True elif operate == 'REBOOT': #try: self.vm.reboot_guest() #except: # print 'Operate guest error: Reboot the VM named ' + self.name + ' failed.' # return False self.__login_flag = False return True elif operate == 'STANDBY': #try: self.vm.standby_guest() #except: # print 'Operate guest error: Stand by the VM named ' + self.name + ' failed.' # return False self.__login_flag = False return True else: print "Operate guest error: Unknown operate." return False #To create directory in the VM #if @create_parents[bool] is True (default) all the directory components in the @path[string] are created if they don't exist. #return make directory succeed or not #warning: In order to use this function, you must login the VM first def make_directory(self, path, create_parents=True): if self.__login_flag == False: print 'Create directory error: Sorry, but please login the VM first.' return False #try: self.vm.make_directory(path, create_parents) #except: # raise esxi_exception.MakeDirectoryException(path, self.name) return True #To move directory in the VM """ @src_path[string]: the source path @dst_path[string]: the destination path return move directory succeed or not warning: In order to use this function, you must login the VM first""" def move_directory(self, src_path, dst_path): if self.__login_flag == False: print 'Move directory error: Sorry, but please login the VM first.' return False #try: self.vm.move_directory(src_path, dst_path) #except: # raise esxi_exception.MoveDirectoryException(src_path, dst_path, self.name) return True #To delete directory in the VM #@path[string]: the directory you want to delete #If @recursive[bool] is True all subdirectories and files are also deleted, else the operation will fail if the directory is not empty. #return delete directory succeed or not #warning: In order to use this function, you must login the VM first def delete_directory(self, path, recursive): if self.__login_flag == False: print 'Delete directory error: Sorry, but please login the VM first.' return False #try: self.vm.delete_directory(path, recursive) #except: # raise esxi_exception.DeleteDirectoryException(path, self.name) return True #To list all the files and directories of the path in the VM """ @path[string]: is the complete path to the directory or file to query. Returns information about files or directories from the guest system. @match_pattern[perl-compatible regular expression]: is a filter for the return values specified as a perl-compatible regular expression (if not provided then '.' is used). The method returns a list of dictionaries with these keys: path: The complete path to the file size: The file size in bytes type: either 'directory', 'file', or 'symlink' warning: In order to use this function, you must login the VM first""" def list_files(self, path, match_pattern=None): if self.__login_flag == False: #print 'List files error: Sorry, but please login the VM first.' return None #try: # file_list = self.vm.list_files(path, match_pattern) #except: #print "Can't get file from " + path + "." # return None return self.vm.list_files(path, match_pattern) #To delete folders and files in the given path #@path[string]: the operation destination folder in the VM #return operate success of not def delete_files_in_folder(self, path): if self.delete_directory(path, True): if self.make_directory(path, create_parents=True): return True return False #To check is the path exists or not def is_path_exists(self, path, check_type = 'FILE'): """ @path[string]: the path you want to check exists or not @check_type[string]: the type you check, FILE(default) or FOLDER If the path exists in the VM, return True, else return False """ if self.__login_flag == False: print 'Path check error: Sorry, but please login the VM first.' return False if check_type not in ['FILE', 'FOLDER']: print "Check path error: check_type must be set as 'FILE' or 'FOLDER'" return False if path.endswith('\\'): path = path[:-1] if path.find('\\') != -1 and path.find('/') != -1: print "Check path error: path must be set as 'c:\\temp\\file.file' or 'c:/temp/file.file'" return False if path.find('\\') != -1: location = path[0:path.rfind('\\')] check_item = path[path.rfind('\\')+1:].lower() if (check_item is None) or (check_item == ""): return False try: tmp_list = self.list_files(location) except Exception as e: raise e if check_type == 'FOLDER': if tmp_list is not None: for item in tmp_list: if item['path'].lower() == check_item and item['type'] == 'directory': return True return False elif check_type == 'FILE': if tmp_list is not None: for item in tmp_list: if item['path'].lower() == check_item and item['type'] == 'file': return True return False elif path.find('/') != -1: location = path[0:path.rfind('/')] check_item = path[path.rfind('/')+1:].lower() if (check_item is None) or (check_item == ""): return False try: tmp_list = self.list_files(location) except Exception, e: raise e if check_type == 'FOLDER': if tmp_list is not None: for item in tmp_list: if item['path'].lower() == check_item and item['type'] == 'directory': return True return False elif check_type == 'FILE': if tmp_list is not None: 喜欢拿来主义的孩纸，我对不起你们，希望能从这个类中学到你们需要的！其中的很多个方法可是废了很大的功夫才搞定的，如get_log_file等！
感谢阅读！